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| | | PRITE High Yield Topic Discussion Thread |  |
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psychinmymind
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| | Subject: Re: PRITE High Yield Topic Discussion Thread Tue Sep 06, 2011 9:09 pm | |
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| | Subject: Re: PRITE High Yield Topic Discussion Thread Tue Sep 06, 2011 9:11 pm | |
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| | | | | psychinmymind
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| | Subject: Re: PRITE High Yield Topic Discussion Thread Thu Sep 08, 2011 9:35 pm | |
| Frontotemporal dementia ----------Alzheimer’s dementia
Early loss of social skills----------Social skills preserved until late
Memory loss late in disease----------Memory loss often presenting symptom
Early loss of executive function----------Late loss of executive function
Stereotyped speech with terminal mutism----------Fluent aphasia
Semantic anomia----------Lexical anomia
Visuospatial deficits late in disease----------Visuospatial deficits characteristic
Frontotemporal hypoperfusion/hypometabolism----------Parietal and posterior temporal abnormalities
No specific neuron type affected----------Cholinergic neurons targeted
Initial presentation of personality change----------Personality change is late |
| | | | psychinmymind
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| | Subject: Re: PRITE High Yield Topic Discussion Thread Thu Sep 08, 2011 9:41 pm | |
| Autoreceptors are receptors located on neurons that produce the endogenous ligand for that particular receptor (e.g., a serotonergic receptor on a serotonergic neuron).
By contrast, heteroreceptors are receptor subtypes that are present on neurons that do not contain an endogenous ligand for that particular receptor subtype (e.g., a serotonergic receptor located on a dopaminergic neuron). |
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| | Subject: Re: PRITE High Yield Topic Discussion Thread Fri Sep 09, 2011 11:22 am | |
| Personality Disorders (High Yield Facts) Cluster A Personality Disorders- Differential Disgnosis. http://bit.ly/qVvufkCluster B Personality Disorders- Differential Disgnosis. http://bit.ly/qKFSslCluster C Personality Disorders- Differential Disgnosis. http://bit.ly/qEAhR0Facts:- Schizotypal Personality Disorder: there appears to be a higher occurrence of this disorder in the biological relatives of schizophrenic patients, and the disorder is frequently diagnosed in women with fragile X syndrome.
- Personality disorders in cluster B are said to combine abnormalities in both thinking and affect, but not to be predominantly one or the other cluster, such as cluster A (thinking) or cluster C (affect).
- Because patients with antisocial PD are so indifferent to how their actions affect others, this is the personality disorder most resistant to treatment.
- Patients with antisocial PD have an onset of conduct disorder before age 15, and frequently suffer from co-morbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders, polysubstance disorders, and somatization disorder. The exact etiology is unknown, but this disorder occurs five times more commonly in first-degree relatives of males with the disorder
- Under stress, borderline patients may also experience brief reactive psychotic states (also known as “micropsychotic episodes”)
- BPD is the most prevalent personality disorder in all clinical settings (12% to 15%)
- Some believe that while not all borderline patents are histrionic,but most HPD patients have sufficient borderline traits to merit a diagnosis of BPD.
- Narcissistic Personality disorder pt lack empathy for others, although less so than the antisocial patient
- For some narcissistic patient, aging is the ultimate blow to their self-esteem, as many of the qualities that help maintain their identity (e.g., career, health, beauty, and youth) must naturally begin to fade. Consequently, the narcissistic patient is prone to severe midlife crises.
- Avoidant PD are at especially high risk for anxiety disorders and for social phobia
- Patients with a history of childhood separation anxiety or chronic illness may be predisposed to the Dependent personality disorder.
- Interviewing for signs and symptoms of a personality disorder requires a longitudinal developmental perspective. Such longitudinal interviewing should assess the quality of the patient's social function in the areas of school, career, family, romantic relationships, peer group function, and interactions with authority figures. Across these categories, clinicians should listen for recurring themes of interpersonal conflict, disappointment, exploitation, or emptiness, because these can all indicate a personality disorder.
- While personality-disordered individuals often use lower-level defense mechanisms, such as projection and denial, and commonly disown responsibility for their actions, they often confirm a public or family consensus about their behavior if couched in sympathetic terms: “Have you ever been unjustly accused of taking things at your various jobs? How often?” “Do people fail to understand and admire your assertiveness and your refusal to get pushed around? Really? Tell me about that.”
- Patients with cluster C disorders improve more than patients with borderline personality disorder, while borderline patients improve more than schizotypal and antisocial personality-disordered patients.
- Patients with a cluster B personality disorder have a dropout rate of 40%, a cluster A disorder of 36%, and a cluster C disorder of 28%. Patients in group therapy have a higher dropout rate than do patients in individual therapy
- Select pharmacotherapy on the presence of specific target symptoms rather than on a given personality disorder diagnosis*****************  Click on  to post your comments |
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| | Subject: Re: PRITE High Yield Topic Discussion Thread Sat Sep 10, 2011 12:27 am | |
| Myasthenia Gravis (High Yield Facts):- ACh neuro-muscular transmission is impaired in Myasthenia, but ACh transmission in CNS is normal- illustrated by profound weakness but normal cognitive capacity.
- Most AntiAChE Myasthenia medications have no effect on CNS ACh activity (as do not penetrate blood brain barrier)- Exception is Physostigmine, which crosses BBB
- Earliest clinical feature is Diplopia and/or Ptosis
- Extra-ocular muscles may be paretic, but intra-ocular muscles are spared (normal size pupil & normal reactivity to light)Differential Diagnosis:(1) | Lesions of Cranial N III | Myasthenia Gravis | | Pupil dilated & not reactive to light | normal size pupil & normal reactivity to light |
(2) Unlike Other muscle disorders, DTRs are normal in Myasthenia. Management of Myasthenia Gravis: ***************** Click on to post your comments |
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| | Subject: Re: PRITE High Yield Topic Discussion Thread Sat Sep 10, 2011 2:18 pm | |
| Jean Piaget's Cognitive Development Stages- Important Achievements (1) Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 Years)- The critical achievement of this period is the development of Object permanence or the schema of the permanent object- Child's ability to understand that objects have an existence independent of the child's involvement with them. Infants learn to differentiate themselves from the world and are able to maintain a mental image of an object, even when it is not present and visible. When an object is dropped in front of infants, they look down to the ground to search for the object; that is, they behave for the first time as though the object has a reality outside themselves.
- The attainment of object permanence marks the transition from the sensorimotor stage to the preoperational stage of development.
- At about 18 months, infants begin to develop mental symbols and to use words, a process known as Symbolization. Infants are able to create a visual image of a ball or a mental symbol of the word ball to stand for, or signify, the real object. Such mental representations allow children to operate on new conceptual levels. (2) Stage of Preoperational Thought (2 to 7 Years)- Children in this stage have a sense of Immanent justice, the belief that punishment for bad deeds is inevitable.
- Children in this developmental stage are Egocentric: They see themselves as the center of the universe; they have a limited point of view; and they are unable to take the role of another person. Children are unable to modify their behavior for someone else; for example, children are not being negativistic when they do not listen to a command to be quiet because their brother has to study.
- During this stage, children also use a type of magical thinking, called Phenomenalistic Causality, in which events that occur together are thought to cause one another (e.g., thunder causes lightning, and bad thoughts cause accidents).
- Children use Animistic thinking, which is the tendency to endow physical events and objects with life-like psychological attributes, such as feelings and intentions.
- Semiotic Function: With this new ability, children can represent something- such as an object, an event, or a conceptual scheme-with a signifier, which serves a representative function (e.g., language, mental image, symbolic gesture). That is, children use a symbol or sign to stand for something else. Drawing is a semiotic function initially done as a playful exercise but eventually signifying something else in the real world.(3) Stage of Concrete Operations (7 to 11 Years)- Egocentric thought is replaced by Operational thought, which involves dealing with a wide array of information outside the child. Therefore, children can now see things from someone else's perspective.
- Syllogistic reasoning, in which a logical conclusion is formed from two premises, appears during this stage; for example, all horses are mammals (premise); all mammals are warm blooded (premise); therefore, all horses are warm blooded (conclusion).
- Conservation is the ability to recognize that, although the shape of objects may change, the objects still maintain or conserve other characteristics that enable them to be recognized as the same. For example, if a ball of clay is rolled into a long, thin sausage shape, children recognize that each form contains the same amount of clay. An inability to conserve (which is characteristic of the preoperational stage) is observed when a child declares that there is more clay in the sausage-shaped piece because it is longer.
- Reversibility is the capacity to understand the relation between things, to realize that one thing can turn into another and back again- for example, ice and water.
- The most important sign that children are still in the preoperational stage is that they have not achieved conservation or reversibility(4) Stage of Formal Operations (11 through the End of Adolescence)- Dealing with the future and its possibilities occurs in the formal operational stage
- Characterized by the ability to think abstractly, to reason deductively, and to define concepts and also by the emergence of skills for dealing with permutations and combinations ***************** Click on to post your comments |
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| | Subject: Re: PRITE High Yield Topic Discussion Thread Sat Sep 10, 2011 7:32 pm | |
| Normal Aging
- General intelligence declines slightly (measured by Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale Revised- WAIS-R)
- Shorter attention span, slower learning (acquisition of new knowledge), & decreased ability to perform complex tasks.
- Little or No loss of vocabulary, language ability, reading comprehension or general information.
Thus people older than 65 yr tends to remain well spoken, well read & knowledgeable, although somewhat forgetful.
- Sleep: fragmented sleep, less stage 4 NREM sleep, Delta wave amplitude decreases and proportionally less time is spent in stage 3 and stage 4 sleep.
- Senile gait
- EEG: slowing of normal background alpha activity (8-12 Hz)
- CT/MRI: Normal or decreased volumes of cerebral hemispheres, atrophy of cerebral cortex, expansion of sylvian fissure, and increased volume of lateral & third ventricle.
Also white matter hyper-intensities in many older peoples.
- Age associated histologic changes: Loss of large cortical neurons, presence of lipofuscin granules, granulovascular degeneration, senile plaques that contain amyloid and limited number of neurofibrillary tangles.
***************** Click on to post your comments
Last edited by Admin on Mon Sep 12, 2011 12:33 pm; edited 1 time in total |
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| | Subject: Re: PRITE High Yield Topic Discussion Thread Sun Sep 11, 2011 1:36 pm | |
| Erikson's stages of psychosocial development Psychosocial Stage 1 - Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to about 18 Months)- Because an infant is utterly dependent, the development of trust is based on the dependability and quality of the child’s caregivers.
- If a child successfully develops trust, he or she will feel safe and secure in the world.
- Caregivers who are inconsistent, emotionally unavailable, or rejecting contribute to feelings of mistrust in the children they care for. Failure to develop trust will result in fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable.
- A person who, as a result of severe disturbances in the earliest dyadic relationships, fails to develop a basic sense of trust or the virtue of hope may be predisposed as an adult to the profound withdrawal and regression characteristic of schizophrenia.
- Lack of trust responsible for:
* Dysthymic disorder, depressive disorders
* Paranoid & delusional disorder
* Schizoid personality disorder
* Substance related disordersPsychosocial Stage 2 - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (about 18 Months to about 3 Years)- The second stage is focused on children developing a greater sense of personal control.
- Like Freud, Erikson believed that toilet training was a vital part of this process. However, Erikson's reasoning was quite different then that of Freud's. Erikson believe that learning to control one’s body functions leads to a feeling of control and a sense of independence.
- Other important events include gaining more control over food choices, toy preferences, and clothing selection.
- Children who successfully complete this stage feel secure and confident, while those who do not are left with a sense of inadequacy and self-doubt.
- A person who becomes fixated at the transition between the development of "hope" and "autonomous will", with its residue of mistrust and doubt, may develop paranoiac fears of persecution.
- Too rigorous toilet training, commonplace in today's society, which requires a clean, punctual, and deodorized body, can produce an overly compulsive personality that is stingy, meticulous, and selfish. Known as anal personalities, such persons are parsimonious, punctual, and perfectionistic (the three Ps).
- The ruminative and ritualistic behavior of the person who suffers from an obsessive compulsive disorder may be an outcome of the triumph of doubt over autonomy and the subsequent development of a primitively harsh conscience.Psychosocial Stage 3 - Initiative vs. Guilt (about 3 Years to about 5 Years)- During this stage, children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interaction.
- Children who are successful at this stage feel capable and able to lead others. Those who fail to acquire these skills are left with a sense of guilt, self-doubt and lack of initiative.
- When there has been an inadequate resolution of the conflict between initiative and guilt, the person may ultimately develop a conversion disorder, inhibition, or phobia.
- Those who overcompensate for the conflict by driving themselves too hard may experience sufficient stress to produce psychosomatic symptoms.
- Excessive guilt can lead:
* Generalized anxiety disorder
* Specific phobias
* Conversion Disorder
* May develop Psychosomatic diseasePsychosocial Stage 4 - Industry vs. Inferiority (about 5 Years to about 13 Years)- Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities.
- Children who are encouraged and commended by parents and teachers develop a feeling of "competence" and belief in their skills. Those who receive little or no encouragement from parents, teachers, or peers will doubt their ability to be successful.
- For some persons, the feelings may result in a compensatory drive for money, power, and prestige. Work can become the main focus of life, at the expense of intimacy.Psychosocial Stage 5 - Identity vs. Confusion (about 13 Years to about 21 Years)- During adolescence, children are exploring their independence and developing a sense of self.
- With the attainment of a more sharply focused identity, the youth develops the virtue of "Fidelity"- faithfulness not only to the nascent self-definition but also to an ideology that provides a version of self-in-world
- Those who receive proper encouragement and reinforcement through personal exploration will emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self and a feeling of independence and control. Those who remain unsure of their beliefs and desires will insecure and confused about themselves and the future.
- Erikson held that delinquency, gender-related identity disorders, and borderline psychotic episodes can result from such confusion.Psychosocial Stage 6 - Intimacy vs. Isolation (about 21 Years to about 40 Years)- Erikson believed it was vital that people develop close, committed relationships with other people. Those who are successful at this step will develop relationships that are committed and secure.
- Remember that each step builds on skills learned in previous steps. Erikson believed that a strong sense of personal identity was important to developing intimate relationships.
- Studies have demonstrated that those with a poor sense of self tend to have less committed relationships and are more likely to suffer emotional isolation, loneliness, and depression.
- "Distantiation", an awkward term coined by Erikson to mean "the readiness to repudiate, isolate, and, if necessary, destroy those forces and persons whose essence seems dangerous to one's own,"Âť is the pathological outcome of conflicts surrounding intimacy and, in the absence of an ethical sense where intimate, competitive, and combative relationships are differentiated, forms the basis for various forms of prejudice, persecution, and psychopathology.
- responsible for schizoid personality disorderPsychosocial Stage 7 - Generativity vs. Stagnation (about 40 Years to about 60 Years)- During adulthood, we continue to build our lives, focusing on our career and family.
- Those who are successful during this phase will feel that they are contributing to the world by being active in their home and community. Those who fail to attain this skill will feel unproductive and uninvolved in the world.Psychosocial Stage 8 - Integrity vs. Despair (about 60 Years to Death)- Those who are unsuccessful during this phase will feel that their life has been wasted and will experience many regrets. The individual will be left with feelings of bitterness and despair.
- Those who feel proud of their accomplishments will feel a sense of integrity. Successfully completing this phase means looking back with few regrets and a general feeling of satisfaction. These individuals will attain wisdom, even when confronting death. ***************** Click on to post your comments |
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| | Subject: Re: PRITE High Yield Topic Discussion Thread Sun Sep 11, 2011 8:41 pm | |
| Cognitive theory postulates that depression arises from maladaptive negative cognitions about oneself, others, and
the future. Cognitive therapy seeks to identify these negative cognitions (sometimes called “hot thoughts”) and
replace them with healthier adaptive cognitions. This process frequently involves looking at the evidence that the
patient has found to support his/her negative cognition, developing more adaptive cognitions and looking at
evidence to support the more adaptive cognitions, and systematically helping the patient solidify the more adaptive
ways of thinking. Evidence indicates good efficacy of cognitive therapy in the treatment of mild depressions and its
positive role augmenting response to medication for acute treatment, as well as possibly preventing further episodes
in the future. |
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